How significant was James Simpsons role in solving the problem of surgery during the 19th century Free Essays

During the 19th century, there were many attempts to perform surgery without there being any risk towards the patient. This usually meant that the surgeons had to overcome problems of pain, infection and blood loss which were the three main ways in which patients died during surgery. Many individuals discovered methods to make surgery safer. We will write a custom essay sample on How significant was James Simpsons role in solving the problem of surgery during the 19th century? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of these men was a Scottish doctor, by the name of James Simpson, who discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully introduced it for general medical use. Of course, there were other individuals who had used different varieties of anaesthetics before James Simpson. In 1799 Sir Humphrey Davy discovered laughing gas which reduced pain felt by patients. It was mostly used by dentists during teeth extractions, which caused excruciating pain. In 1846, J. R Lister used ‘ether’ as an anaesthetic so the patient would be unconscious during operation. However this was soon dismissed as it irritated the lungs and caused the patient to cough during the operation as well as the fact that ether is highly flammable. The fact that others had already tried to come up with suitable anaesthetics that could be used in surgery shows that James Simpson’s discovery had been built up with knowledge of previous attempts. It also proves that he wasn’t solely responsible for discovering ‘anaesthetics’. James Simpson was appointed the Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University due to his interest in obstetrics. In 1847, Simpson discovered the properties of chloroform during an experiment with friends in which he learnt that it could be used to put one to sleep. It was very much up to chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much, subsequently passing away from an overdose, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance. However, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that established his career as a pioneer in the field of medicine. He began to use chloroform as an efficient and effective anaesthetic used to relieve labour pains during childbirth. This theory of relieving patients from pain spread across to many other surgeons who began using this method of anaesthesia. James Simpson was able to find an actual anaesthetic that was suitable in surgery, and he took the risk of trying the chloroform himself proving that he was dedicated to improving and solving the problems of surgery. Yet, there was a lot of opposition to chloroform due to it being a new and untested gas. Surgeons did not know how much dosage to give their patients or whether there would be long-term side effects. There was also the fact that the use of chloroform caused an increase in deaths, since the patients were given a bigger dosage of chloroform that was necessary. This scared the many surgeons into not using it. There were also other who opposed chloroform because they believed that easing the pain of childbirth, it would make it unnatural and was an act against God. In addition to this, whilst the patient is unconscious surgeons became more confident and attempt more complex operations allowing infections deeper into the body and causing more blood loss. This also contributed to the rise in number of deaths since the introduction of chloroform. Yet, James Simpson soon got many people to realise that his theory was accurate and it was soon accepted. When Queen Victoria used chloroform when delivering her eighth child in 1857, the public along with many other surgeons began using it as an anaesthetic and this soon became a part of surgical practise. However although James Simpson had already tried the anaesthetic on himself, it almost immediately became clear that there were very serious side effects associated with its use and it was known to cause death in a number of instances. From 1864, numerous studies were conducted in an attempt to determine whether chloroform affected the respiratory system or the circulatory system. The major health effects of chloroform surround acute inhalation which leads to depression which is why it was used for a long time as an anaesthetic. Chronic exposure to chloroform was associated with affects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. The evidence that chloroform was dangerous and fatal in numerous ways added to the opposition and causes us to believe whether James Simpson really was responsible for an important breakthrough in surgery. In addition to this there were many other breakthroughs by many other people who would be considered to be more important since their discoveries caused essential progress in solving the problems of surgery. Louis Pasteur was extremely vital as he was responsible for the development of the Germ theory, along with Robert Koch. The French scientist was also accountable for the many vaccines such as Chicken cholera, Rabies and Anthrax. Of course, this was accentuated by the rivalry between Pasteur and Koch since, they were both ambitious and nationalistic and France had lost a bitter war to Germany in 1870-71. Joseph Lister was then able to use the germ theory to uncover another significant discovery: antiseptics. This included sterilisation of all equipment, including doctor’s hands, throughout the surgery. His reasoning behind this was to reduce the number of patients dying from infection passed on from bacteria on clothing and apparatus. This was vital because many people were dying from infection at the time and there were no advances to decrease the numbers until Lister’s antiseptics. Another individual who was able to put the germ theory to good use was John Snow, who was responsible for discovering the cause of cholera, a big killer during the 1800s. He discovered that cholera was spread by drinking water that contained bacteria. Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. The fact that there were many other individuals who were able to discover other vital things prevents James Simpson from solely being responsible for solving the problems of surgery. John Snow also proves that James Simpson was not the first to come up with the idea of ‘anaesthetics’, and therefore cannot really be responsible for the discovery although he played a major role in coming across chloroform. In conclusion, I believe that James Simpson’s role was not very significant in the attempts to solve the problems of surgery. This is because he was able to use other people’s ideas, such as John Snow, to actually discover the anaesthetic. In addition to this, there were many other individuals and factors such as War and Technology that would have impacted surgery on a bigger scale than that of James Simpson’s discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic. Although we can see his dedication in proving that chloroform was a suitable anaesthetic we can also see that there was a lot of scope for other individuals to find an anaesthetic that may have proved to be less fatal. How to cite How significant was James Simpsons role in solving the problem of surgery during the 19th century?, Papers

Case study on budget management and financial planning

Question: Describe about the Budget Management and Financial Planning. Answer: Introduction The current study presents in detail different characteristics and nature of budgeting and mentions about a variety of tools as well as procedures of financial management to assess the overall financial budget prepared for Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd. However, the primary purpose of the current study also includes examination of a number of different variables that are imperative for carrying out the budgeting analysis. The first section of the study presents the original master budget file and thereafter the amended master budget file. The original master budget is amended according to the change in the requirements to form an updated budget report for the financial year 2011 and 2012. Therefore, the updated master budget also shows in detail the variance and the percentage change. The report also presents the expense budget from the sales centre. The sales centre expenditure budget also helps in presenting the appropriate presentation of cost (Anandarajah et al 2009). These two tables that is the updated budget report and the sales centre expenditure budget helps in understanding that the adjustments in these reports have immense influence on the master budget. Therefore, the first section of the project primarily carries out the examination of the cost centre for appropriate scrutiny of the budget. This includes keeping track of the changes and reflecting of the changes in the updated budget and developing arguments for the alterations and negotiating all the different changes. The second section of the study focuses on the assessment of the risk associated to the special project. This section also includes development of an appropriate contingency plan in order to eradicate the risk of decline in sales based on the understanding of the current economic climate. Review of the master budget and cost centre budgets Pty Ltd for the financial year 2011/2012 Figure 1: Master Budget Report Updated Master Budget for FY 2011/2012 with absolute variance and % change Figure 2: Changes in Master Budget File The updated master budget report shows the change in the rate of commission from 2% of sales to 2.5% of the sales. However, this has added significantly to the cost of goods sold and the has raised the total cost of cost sold from 660000 to 675000. This in turn has lead to decline in the overall gross profit of the organization from 2340000 to 2325000. The general and administrative expenses, the marketing expense, employment expense and the occupancy cost has remained the same during the period. In addition to this, the net profit before calculation of the interest and tax has also declined from budgeted figure of 938500 to 923500. The income tax that is calculated on the net profit therefore has also decreased in actual figure from 234625 to 230875 due to decline in the overall net profit of the organization (Anandarajah et al 2009). The table below shows the sales centre expense budget that takes into account the expenses incurred by the company for the office supply, wages determined, the telephone expenses and the commissions paid. According to the two tables presented above, that is the table on the updated master budget report and the segmented cost table of the sales centre, it can be hereby inferred that the particular adjustments exerts immense influence on the entire master budget as well as the cost centre of the corporation Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd (Anandarajah et al 2009). As presented in the table, the net profit of the organization has decreased in all the quarters and on the other hand the expenditures have increased considerably. In addition to this, it is also apparent from the table above that the sales commission has also increased that in turn has increased the overall cost of goods sold. The previous gross profit was registered to be 2360000 that have now declined to 2325000 owing to the increase in the percentage of commission on the sales leading to variance of 15000. The sales in the first, third and the fourth quarter are registered to be less than 30% of the fourth quarter. However, the sa les in the 2nd quarter depend completely on the successful accomplishment of the repair and maintenance. However, the percentage of commission is negotiated and settled at a higher rate of 2.5%. Conclusion The above study elucidates in detail that a skilled human resource manger can be deployed in order to properly organize the workers to contribute to this specific process of budgetary planning. The current also stresses on the need of proper monitoring of the overall operation of the organization and evaluation of the same using different performance monitoring tools directed at cost minimization as well as profit maximization objective of the organization. The effective implementation program also can uphold the comprehensive strategic financial and the budgetary planning process. The line managers need to check the productivity of the function and the competence of the workforce to move up the efficiency in addition to the profitability of the company Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd. However, the recognized skill gaps can be detected and bridged by means of apposite training initiatives (Cheng, 2012). The workforce can thereby be trained in order to add value to the human resource of the b usiness. Again, the reduction in the overall wastage of the business operation can increase the efficiency of the operations and at the same time lessen the cost of production, in that way increasing the profit of the company on the whole. Apart from this, the primary objectives of the preparation as well as the presentation of the budget can be met by way of appropriate assessment and implementation of the contingency plan imperative for mitigation of the anticipated risks that might be countered by the organization. References Bekaert, G. and Hodrick, R. (2014). International financial management. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. Bhimani, A. (2012). Management and cost accounting. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Brigham, E., Garpenski, L. and Daves, P. (2010). Intermediate financial management. Mason, OH: South-Western. Charupat, N., Huang, H. and Milevsky, M. (2012). Strategic financial planning over the lifecycle. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cheng, M. (2012). The joint effect of budgetary participation and broad scope management accounting systems on management performance. Asian Review of Accounting, 20(3), pp.184-197. Drury, C. (2012). Management and cost accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning. Fernndez, P. (2013). Company valuation methods.Available at SSRN 274973. Finch, B. (2010). Effective financial management. London: Kogan Page. Horngren, C. (2011). Introduction to management accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012). Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Mikesell, J. (2013).Fiscal administration. Cengage Learning. Anandarajah, A., Aseervatham, A. and Reid, H., (2009).Manage Budgets and Financial Plans: Managing Finance. Pearson Education Australia.

Science Fair Essays - Water Pollution, Drinking Water, Water

Science Fair Science Fair Project 3/21/00 Science 21 Background Information I tried to figure out how does the Wellesley tap water compare to the water of the surrounding towns. Before I started my tests I guessed which town would have the best quality water without any initial data. I thought that Wellesley tap water would be the cleanest water in the area because Wellesley has the resources and the money to keep its water at a high quality. The objective of this project is to determine water content in various drinking water supplies and then rate then from most favorable to least favorable. For this, I needed a way to test the water quality. I eventually came upon a pet store called Pet World had a fresh water testing kit. This kit called the Deluxe Fresh Lab test for several aspects of water quality such as pH, Ammonia, Nitrite, Hardness, iron, carbon dioxide, and chlorine. In my tests I did not use all the test that new kit was equipped with, I only choose the aspects that I felt were harmful to humans and aspects that I felt relevant to the initial water quality. The towns I selected from around the Wellesley area were Natick, Weston, Needam, and Newton. I originally tested for pH, Ammonia, water hardness, nitrite, iron, water hardness, and chlorine. However, during my discussions with my mentors and when testing I found that testing for Ammonia, iron, and chlorine was not relevant to help me find my result. My tests involve the use of a color chart, which would, give a value to the amount of variable present in the water sample. I used distilled water as a control because the testing of the distilled water should always show the same result. These are the different components I tested, and why they were important to the water quality. Only I have explained how on the color chart the component is measured. pH pH, term indicating the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, a measure of the solution's acidity. The pH helps determines how corrosiveness the water is. A water source with a high pH is less likely to corrode the pipes in your home and in any other pipes which supplies water. An area with a lower pH level is more corrosive to your pipes. The composition of pH in tap water varies enormously from location to location depending on the source of the water and water treatment process. My freshwater test kit uses Zero as most acidic and 14 as most Basic in accordance with the color chart. Hardness (GH-KH) Water hardness is measured by the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in water. This natural property of water is demonstrated by the fact that soft tap water foams much easier when soap is added when magnesium and salts are not presented, then in salt water or water that is hard. Calcium and magnesium salts of sulfate, nitrates and chloride are very soluble and are therefore a relatively stable component of water hardness. The amounts in which these salts are presented are called the permanent hardness, which is part of the general hardness. The parts that consist of salts that have a low solubility and are therefore an unstable component of the GH. This unstable part is called the carbonate hardness or KH, Since the salts involved are carbonates of magnesium and calcium The test kit that is used uses a system of drops in coordination with a color chart. You are to count the number of drops put into the 8 cm of water until the water turns into the color on the chart. Then you are to compare the number of drops added to another chart that shows how hard the water is. Nitrites Ammonia in water naturally occurs as the result of waist from fish. When dissolved in water it can turn the water toxic. Like ammonia, Nitrites can deem water undrinkable. Nitrites are chemicals that can be dumped or seep into the water. Nitrites are found in things like fertilizers and is a chemical used to package meat. It is important to monitor Nitrites because it has shown in tests that it can cause cancer. The Nitrites on my on the color chart measured from

Expert Guide to SAT Grid-Ins 5 Key Tips

Expert Guide to SAT Grid-Ins 5 Key Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re planning to take the SAT, you may have heard of this strange question type known as grid-ins. You probably know that there are multiple-choice questions and an optional essay, but what are grid-ins? Problems that require you to draw pictures or graphs, perhaps? The reality is grid-ins are almost identical to multiple-choice questions; they justdon’t provide answer choices. This guide will explain what grid-ins are, discuss where they appear, outline how many appear on the SAT, and provide tips on answering them. What Are SAT Grid-Ins? Grid-ins, also known as student-produced response questions, are questions that don’t provide you with possible answer choices. While regular multiple-choice questions look like this: Grid-in questions look like this: As you might have guessed, these are called student-produced response questions because they require you to come up with the answer on your own- no possibilities are provided for you. They’re also called grid-ins because you need to grid in the correct answer on your answer sheet. For a typical multiple-choice question, you’d simply bubble in A, B, C, or D to answer the question. For a grid in, you’re provided with a grid such as the one below. The slash represents a fraction line, and the period represents a decimal point. You then write the answer in the four slots provided and fill in the corresponding bubbles beneath. Below, I’ll provide some examples of how to grid in responses. If an answer doesn’t take up all four spaces (such as 8, 17, or 347), you can start it in any column. For example, if the answer is 201, either response below is correct: If an answer can be written in fraction or decimal form, you grid it in either way.For example, there are three acceptable ways to grid ${2}/{3}$. Where Do SAT Grid-In Questions Appear? These questions only appear on the SAT Math section in both the no-calculator and calculator portions. They will always appear at the very end of these two parts after the multiple-choice. How Many Grid-In Questions Are There? There are 13 total grid-in questions.There are five in the no calculator section and eight in the calculator allowed section.As I mentioned before, they always appear at the very end of the section, so they’ll be questions 16-20 in the no calculator section and questions 31-38 in the calculator section. How to Grid-In Answers Effectively: 5 Key Tips To ensure you answer grid-in questions correctly and to save time on the actual SAT, you should familiarize yourself with the rules now.That way, you won’t have to read the instructions during the test. Here are the five key tips regarding grid-in questions: Mark no more than one circle per column. There are no negative answers (since there is no way to bubble in a negative sign). You’ll never include pi in your answer; you’ll use a decimal. For example, 3Ï€ would be writtenas 9.425. You can write answers as fractions or decimals, but you cannot use mixed numbers. For example, $3{1}/{2}$ would need to be grid in as either 3.5 or ${7}/{2}$ since the grading machine will read $3{1}/{2}$ as ${31}/{2}$. Some questions will have more than one answer (they’ll typically tell you that in the question). Only grid in one answer. For example, if you’re asked for one value of x, which makes $(x-1)(x-3)=0$, then the answers are $x=3$ or $x=1$, and you’d have to choose to grid in either 1 or 3. SAT Grid Questions Let's look at a couple of example questions to see how these questions work on the actual test. Example 1 Wyatt can just at least 12 dozen ears of corn per hour and at most 18 dozen ears of corn her hour. Based on this information, what is a possible amount of time, in hours, that it could take Wyatt to husk 72 dozen ears of corn? Answer Explanation: Since Wyatt can husk at least 12 dozen ears of corn per hour, it will take him no more than ${72}/{12}=6$hours to husk 72 dozen ears of corn.Since Wyatt can husk at most 18 dozen ears of corn per hour, it will take him at least ${72}/{18}=4$hours to husk 72 dozen ears of corn.Therefore, it could take Wyatt 4 to 6 hours, inclusive, to husk 72 dozen ears of corn. As I mentioned, when there are multiple answer possibilities, you simplychoose one to fill in. In this case, it would be easiest to grid an integer such as 4, 5, or 6. However, you could also useany number between 4 and 6, inclusive, such as 4.5, 4.7, 5.2, etc. I'd advise against griding in non-integers whenever possible as it'll take longer, and there's a higher risk of making an error. Example 2 Jessica opened a bank account that earns 2 percent interest compounded annually. Her initial deposit was $\$100$, and she uses the expression $\$100(x)^t$ to find the value of the account after $t$ years. Jessica's friend Tyshaun found an account that earns 2.5 percent interest compounded annually. Tyshaun made an initial deposit of $\$100$ into this account at the same time Jessica made a deposit of $\$100$ into her account. After 10 years, how much more money will Tyshaun's initial deposit have earned than Jessica's initial deposit? (Round your answer to the nearest cent and ignore the dollar sign when gridding your response.) Answer Explanation: The question told us that Jessica made an initial deposit of 100 dollars into her account, and the interest on her account is 2 percent compounded annually. We will use this given information and the compound interest formula to figure out how much money Jessica has after 10 years. The compound interest formula is $A=P(1+{r}/{n})^(nt)$, where: P = principal amount (the initial amount deposited) r = annual rate of interest (as a decimal) t = number of years since initial deposit. A = amount of money accumulated after t years, including interest. n = number of times the interest is compounded per year. In Jessica's case, A is what we're trying to find, $P=100$, $r=0.02$, $t=10$, and $n=1$ because the interest is compounded once per year (annually). So, $$A=100(1+0.02)^(10)$$ $$A=100(1.02)^(10)$$ $$A=121.899$$ After 10 years, Jessica’s deposit is worth $121.899$ rounded to the nearest tenth of a cent. In Tyshaun's case, A is what we're trying to find, $P=100$, $r=0.025$, $t=10$, and $n=1$ because the interest is compounded once per year (annually).So, $$A=100(1+0.025)^(10)$$ $$A=100(1.025)^(10)$$ $$A=128.008$$ After 10 years, Tyshaun’s deposit is worth $128.008$ rounded to the nearest tenth of a cent. Jessica’s initial deposit earned $21.899$, and Tyshaun’s initial deposit earned $28.008$. Therefore, to the nearest cent, Tyshaun’s initial deposit earned $6.$ dollars more than Jessica’s initial deposit. As I mentioned, when gridding in, you cannot include any units. In this case, you'd need to ignore the dollar sign- as mentioned in the question. Example 3 Answer Explanation: Since the radius of the circle is 10, the circumference is $2Ï€r=20Ï€$. The full circumference of a circle is 360 °. Thus, an arc of length $s$ on the circle corresponds to a central angle of x °,where ${x}/{360}={s}/{20Ï€}$, or $x={360}/{20Ï€}s$. Since $5s6$, it follows that ${360}/{20Ï€}(5)s{360}/{20Ï€}(6)$, which becomes, to the nearest tenth, 28.6 x 34.4. Therefore, the possible integer values of x are 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34. As I mentioned, when there are multiple answer possibilities, you must choose one to grid-in. This question explicitly asks you for only one possible integer value, so make sure you select either 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34. Review Grid-ins only appear in the SAT Math section at the end ofthe no-calculator and calculator sections. They require you to produce a response- no answer possibilities are provided for you. Remember these fivekey tips when answering this style of question: Mark no more than one circle per column. There are no negative answers (since there is no way to bubble in a negative sign). You’ll never include pi in your answer; instead, you’ll use a decimal. You can write answers as fractions or decimals, but you cannot use mixed numbers. Some questions will have more than one answer (they’ll typically tell you that in the question). Only grid in one answer. What’s Next? Need additional help preparing for the SAT? Check out our ultimate SAT study guide. Taking the SAT soon? Learn how to cram for the test. Unsure how to prepare for test day? Learn what to do the night before the SAT, and read the rules and regulation. Not sure where you’d like to go to college? Learn how to do research right. Once you know where you’d like to apply, learn how to pick an SAT target score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Review - Article Example belief and understanding that if only the next biggest competitor could be eliminated that business could somehow get better, the fact of the matter is that the competition that these two firms provide to each other as well as the ideas that are ultimately â€Å"borrowed†/stolen between the two are yet another reason why the firms continue to operate with such a high premium placed on innovation, design, and development. This tense competition is further interesting due to the fact that the article raises the specter of Internet Explorer and Netscape as well as the resurrection that Apple experienced as a result of the iPad under Steve Jobs ultimate direction. What these cases help to bring to the mind of the reader is the fact that as soon as a single firm gains market dominance and somewhat eliminates a rival, the ability of the dominant firm to continue to efficiently innovate and design quality products necessarily decreases. In this way, the reader can appreciate the way in which the firms in question are currently locked in competition; meaning that this ultimate translates to increased quality to the end user. Gupta, Poornima. "Insight: Apple and Samsung, frenemies for life| Reuters." Business & Financial News, Breaking US & International News | Reuters.com. Reuters, 10  Feb.  2013. Web. 24  Feb.  2013.

Crisis Management Plan and Media Communication Essay

Crisis Management Plan and Media Communication - Essay Example It is important for institutions with strong performance orientation to develop viable promotional plans and crisis management techniques that enhance growth. Researchers and marketers assert that institutions with growth aspirations need to advance their crisis management capacity including effective media identification to ensure that the information relayed reaches prospective individuals. Dispute resolution requires superior plan, and execution of activities to facilitate problem awareness and development of amicable solutions. Similarly, it entails proper identification of viable and effective media system that would enable wide coverage of information with an aim of enhancing decision-making. . It is proper for companies to integrate their systems with strong media communication plan that is economically viable and socially relevant to avoid unwarranted disputes. The design should be issue oriented and customer focused with an aim of providing essential information that advance s customers knowledge about available services. As noted marketing planning and media, identification has been a prevalent factor that has affected growth in most companies. The impediment requires effective strategies and policies to advance realization of excellent output including satisfaction of stakeholder needs. Indeed, media provide a superior communication channels through which companies relays basic information to consumers and receives various feedbacks for purposes of adjustments. Such communication may cause crisis in service delivery including unwarranted disputes with the potential to stall operations in various operating sectors. Therefore, institutions need to a

Please read the attachments carefully you'r able to know what I want Essay

Please read the attachments carefully you'r able to know what I want - Essay Example Moreover, the NoSQL databases are deployed in a distributed environment and open sourced (NoSQL. n.d). It is pertinent to mention here that there are four (4) types / categories of the NoSQL database include: the document oriented database, XML database, graph database and key-value store / database. In the document oriented database the data is stored in the documents, the examples include: the CashDB, MongoDB etc. In the XML databases, the data is stored in the XML format, the examples include: the BaseX, eXist etc. In the Graph database, the data is stored as the collection of nodes that connected using edges, the examples include: DEX, Stones GrapgDB etc. The key-value store refers to storing data without schema in the form of strings, hashes, stored sets etc., and the examples include: Riak, BigTable, etc. One of the NoSQL databases is developed by the Oracle Corporation. The Oracle NoSQL database is characterized by the BASE – Basically Available, Soft State, and Eventua lly Consistent. The Oracle database used to replicate data in a way that data would be always available to the users, moreover, to avoid unavailability it distributes / share data among several database storage servers. The soft state refers that the Oracle NoSQL database allows inconsistent data and assigns its responsibility to the application developers. The Eventually Consistent refers to the ability of the NoSQL database becoming and presenting consistent data with the passage of time and its usage. Generally, it can be stated that the NoSQL database management systems are used to deal with huge data where the data does not necessitate being relational. The NoSQL database has the capabilities of storing, retrieving and appending data in a highly efficient manner without discrepancy of the data size. It is pertinent to mention some of the organizations dealing with massive data and use the NoSQL database for manipulation of the data, these organizations include: the LinkedIn, Go ogle, Amazon, Twitter and Facebook (Oracle Corporation, 2011). NoSQL and Relational Database Management Systems – the Differences There are several diverse features of the Oracle NoSQL database that makes it different from the traditional Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). On the basis of the differences, the management of any organization can take an informed decision whether to employ the Oracle NoSQL database or the RDBMS. One of the main differences between the NoSQL and RDMS is scalability. The NoSQL data stores have the ability to scale it even on the distributed systems and it can be deployed over several database servers. Whereas, the RDMS can only be deployed and scaled over a single server and it is the reason that the NoSQL databases can handle a huge number of data. This is one of the main motives of the growing popularity of the NoSQL. Moreover, as the NoSQL database can be deployed on several servers, therefore, these databases offer high data availa bility with little or no unavailability. Moreover, the performance of the NoSQL database is highly efficient as compared to the RDBMS, because the data is being shared and processed on several servers. But in order to provide the data highly available along with high performance, the NoSQL databases compromise the data consistency, as the data is redundantly stored or replicated on the diverse servers (Strauch, n.d). The NoSQL databases have been developed focusing the BASE acronym of Basically Available,